Two leaders, in particular, came to the fore. [101] Resistance in the provinces was also complicated by English law, which stated that only the King could summon local militias or lawfully execute rebels and criminals, leaving many local lords unwilling to attempt to suppress the uprisings on their own authority. By 1381, England had spent a long time at war with France as part of the Hundred Years War. [247] Unable to raise fresh taxes, the government had to curtail its foreign policy and military expeditions and began to examine the options for peace. Officials and sheriffs were kidnapped and murdered. An army of approximately 60,000 peasants marched from Kent and Essex to London. [86] The rebels deposed the absent Archbishop of Canterbury, Sudbury, and made the cathedral monks swear loyalty to their cause. [128] It is unclear precisely what was meant by the law of Winchester, but it probably referred to the rebel ideal of self-regulating village communities. [89] Tyler then persuaded a few thousand of the rebels to leave Canterbury and advance with him on London the next morning. [225] Henry Percy, the Earl of Northumberland, was tasked to restore order to Yorkshire. [59] William Langland wrote the poem Piers Plowman in the years before 1380, praising peasants who respected the law and worked hard for their lords, but complaining about greedy, travelling labourers demanding higher wages. The Poll Tax had to be paid by everyone over the age of 15 no matter how much money they earned. When the peasants arrived at London they did something that had never been done before or has never been done since; the peasants successfully captured the Tower of London. It is important to note, however, that the rebels did not want to topple the king and their members even swore an oath of loyalty to ‘King Richard and the true Commons’. In a famous sermon he asked, 'when Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?' The principal causes of the Peasants' Revolt were: The poll tax of three groats (equivalent to a couple of days labour), was applied to anyone aged over 15 years (only beggars were exempt) and, unlike other taxes, it took no consideration of a person’s ability to pay it. The rebellion drew support from several sources and included well-to-do artisans and villeins as well as the destitute.

[33] The war continued to go badly and, despite raising some money through forced loans, the Crown returned to Parliament in 1379 to request further funds. Richard’s role in ending the revolt was rightly acclaimed, but it should not be supposed that he was influential in making policy. [275] Among the key accounts was the anonymous Anonimalle Chronicle, whose author appears to have been part of the royal court and an eye-witness to many of the events in London. Serfdom had already been eradicated almost everywhere, but there were some pockets of the country where the practice still went on.
[269] They were used both to avoid incriminating particular individuals and to allude to popular values and stories. Walworth, bottom left hand corner, killing Tyler. and promoted the rebel slogan "With King Richard and the true commons of England". A violent system of punishments for offenders was usually enough to put off peasants from causing trouble. Updates? Plague victims blessed by a priest, from 'Omne Bonum' by James le Palmer, 1360-75. The medieval chronicler Jean Froissart, (c. 1337 – c. 1405 CE) records that Ball noted with frustration that: [The lords] are clad in velvet and camlet lined with squirrel and ermine, while we go dressed in coarse cloth.

We are not sure what happened at this meeting as the only people who could write about it were on the side of the king and their evidence might not be accurate. In June rebels from Essex and Kent marched toward London. The crisis in London was over, but in the provinces the rebellion reached its climax in the following weeks.
Edward III had imposed laws restricting how much a labourer could earn each day, and there were strict punishments for those who did not comply.

[237] The revolt was blamed on the misconduct of royal officials, who, it was argued, had been excessively greedy and overbearing. [113] The priory was destroyed, along with the nearby manor. a general feeling of exploitation by local authorities during a time of economic decline. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. [251] The evidence from the court records following the revolt, albeit biased in various ways, similarly shows the involvement of a much broader community, and the earlier perception that the rebels were only constituted of unfree serfs is now rejected. The whole affair was perhaps the high point of Richard’s reign as things went downhill from then on, the once-admired young king turning out to be a major disappointment and ending his days with a short imprisonment and a mysterious death. [251] Some chroniclers, including Knighton, also noted the presence of runaway apprentices, artisans and others, sometimes terming them the "lesser commons". 5p to them was a great deal of money. Omissions? The Peasants’ Revolt, also known as the Great Revolt, was a popular uprising in England in June 1381 CE.

Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). As the king boldly stated: ‘villeins ye are, and villeins ye shall remain’.

[196] Not knowing that Wat Tyler had by now been killed, John of Gaunt placed his castles in Yorkshire and Wales on alert.


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